Ka whai muri ngā tae hāpai taiohi i te tin me te lead, e hanga ana i te tuhinga o te nuinga o ngā tikanga hāpai. Ko te tin te hunga nui nei, inaianei, mo ana mahi pai ki te whakapuaki me te whakangungu pai, e āwhina ana i ngā huataki hāpai pai. Ko te lead, i whakauru noa atu ki runga i te tin, ka whānui ake ai te mahi pai o te hāpai, ka heke i te paepae iri. Heoi, na ngā whakaaro tirotiro me ngā ture taiao, ka nui ake ngā tae kē pēnei i te silver, te copper, me te bismuth. Kia whai katoa nei ngā tae, ko ngā mahi; hei tauira, ka whakapai te silver i te whakawhiti wera me te whakawhiti rīpeka, ahakoa ko te bismuth ka heke i te paepae iri, me mutunga pai mo ngā tikanga whakamahara.
Ko te painga whakamataku me te hīkoi o ngā toko kārewa e whakaaro nui ana i a rātou āhuatanga matua. Ko ngā toko kārewa e tino maha ana i te pūtai tin he wā ka tuku i te painga whakamataku iti, e hāngai ana ki te pai rawa o te pāpori me te waimarie i te hanga i ngā hononga. Ko te maruira matū e tono tonu ana ki ngā toko kārewa me ngā āhuatanga taketake kia tiakina ai te whakapono me te pai o te mahi. I te mōhiohia a te maruira, ko ngā toko kārewa tin-lead kei te noho i te rahi nui, engari ko te whakamahere kore-lead kei te haere whakamua nui ki runga i te pai ake i te whakaae i te taiao me te hīkoi i ngā mahi waewae-ūkaipō.
Te hurihanga i te kāpene pūtahi tūtohu ki ngā whirihora kore-pūtahi ka noho i mua rawa i ngā ture, pēnei i te ture RoHS o te Tiriti o te Whare Pū o Eoropa, e whakarite ana i ngā tūmomo whara wehe i roto i ngā whiuwhiu matatini. Ko ngā whirihora kore-pūtahi kei raro i te tinahau me ngā mete e rima, pēnei i te hīnau me te kanohi. Nō reira, ko ēnei pūtake he mea nui mō ngā hangaenga e hiahia ana ki te whakarite i ngā ture, ki te kore e mate i ngā pai ā-mekanika me ngā mahi ā-huringa wāhi e hia顿号ai i ngā rorohiko.
I raro i te mahi, i whakaritea ngā uku kaweira mō tō rātou wāhanga whakamahi e tēnei, ā, he iti ake ngā pūnaha hāngai; nāheko, kua tae mai ngā paihere i ngā paihikara uku kauwharetangata ki te kotahi. Ki te mea ko ngā uku kauwharetangata ka hiahia rawa atu ngā wāhanga wana, heoi, ko ngā wāhanga pūngao me ngā wāhanga matua, ēngari i runga i ngā poraka rā anō, he pai noa iho ki ngā rīpoata hōhinorearearea. He tohu ngā tohu kaiwhaiwhai i te waipū ki te whakatū mai i ngā paihikara kauwharetangata, kei ētahi rangahau ka whakahoki i te maha o ngā rīpoata hōhipera hou e whakamahi ana i ngā uku kauwharetangata. Kei te whakaritea e ngā kaiwhakapono nei te whitiwhitinga nei hei painga, kāore anō heoi mō te ture, engari hei whakatupuranga i ngā momo hanga whakahirahira hoki.
Hei whakangungu i te mahi tūranga o ngā papa whiriwhiringa inoi (PCB), ka tukua e ngā pou whakangungu he mea nui ki te whakamana i te hononga tino tiwha o ngā whatu inoi. E whai ake ana enei pou i te whakamahi i ngā mihini whakangungu me te flux whakangungu hei ātete hoki i te hokinga ā-waha ki roto i ngā rorohiko. Kei waenganui i ēnei ka whakamahi ngā momo hangarau iwi i ētahi tūtohi hei whakamahi i te whakangungu, inahea reflow, whakangungu ringa, rānei whakangungu wai. Me whai katoa tonu i tēnā tūtohi te whakahaere pai i te werawera me te whakamahi whakangungu hei whakamana i te whakapae pai o ngā hononga whakangungu. Nō te mea, ko ngā tikanga whakangungu kore pai ka tohungia te hunga whakakorenga. Hei tauira, ka taea e te rangahau te whakaatu i te mea ka puta mai ngā whakakorenga e te 20% i runga i ngā hononga whakangungu kore pai, e whakaū ana i te nui o te hiahia ki te ako i ngā tikanga whakangungu i roto i te hanga iwi.
Te whakatau i te whakapae ki te whakapae ki runga i te whakapae ki te whakapae ā-wawe me te whakapae ringa-ringa ka tāpahia ngā takirua matua i roto i te pūmanawa, te utu, me te whanonga. Ko te whakapae ā-wawe, e mōhio ana ki tana haere me tana whakaari kē, ko ia te pai rawa hei whakamahi mo ngā hokinga whatiwhati nui, kei reira te whakapai. Ka hoki tēnei whiringa i raro i te whakahaere i ngā PCBs i runga i tētahi wawe o te hāngai whakapae, ka mahi pai rawa te whakapae i ngā tuara katoa i tētahi wā, ka whakaakona he whakaaetanga pai mo te whakahaere nui i te hanga. Ki te tahaki, ko te whakapae ringa-ringa ka tukua te whiuwhiu mo ngā wā manaaki pērā i te hanga tauira rānei, ki ngā hokinga iti i ahu ai te tirotiro me te whakarite. Ko ngā paerewa o te whenua ka tohua mai, ahakoa ka taea e te whakapae ā-wawe te whakahaere i waenganui i ngā mano o ngā momo, ka whakanuihia e te whakapae ringa-ringa ngā huinga whaimana e hiahiatia ana te mīharo. Nō reira, he wā mo ngā take katoa i roto i te taiao hanga, me ngā whakapae whakauru e whakamanahia ana e ngā hiahia take tukuawhea rānei me ngā hokinga.
Te whakatau i te tino solder bar e pā ana ki tētahi kaupapa hoki i awhi i te mōhio ki tana takirua hinga me ngā whakaaro whērangi. He iti ā-iwi ngā tohu o ngā solder bar, tin me te uruti rānei, nō reira kei runga i te tin me te kanohi, e āheinga ana i ō rātou takirua hinga. Hoki hākuina, he 63/37 te tauā o te uruti-solder bar, e hinga ana i tūruhia 183°C, e pai ana ki ngā tono e hiahiatia ana ngā wāhanga iti. Ki te wā, ko ngā solder bar kore-uruti me ngā mete e hika ana, pūoro me te kanohi, e hīkohia ana i ngā takirua hinga nui, e tuku ana i te mana meka matua. Nā reira, ko te whiriwhiri i te tino whakauru o te solder bar he mea nui ki te whaiwhai i ngā hononga tirohanga pai i roto i ngā rorohiko.
Kei ngā whakamahi elekiteretanga, e hiahia ana ngā horopū o te kōpū whakapīrangi ki te tūtonu o ngā huataki whakapīrangi. E āheinga ana te kawe iho o te whakapūtai horoiti i waenganui i te whakapīrangi me ngā hangarau, ka puta mai he rereke me te pēhitanga momoki. Kua arohatia he mea nui te whakaae ki ngā poraka wā e whai ake nei i te wā i roto i ngā mahi whakapīrangi hei whakatika i te whanonga pai o te whakapīrangi. Hei tauira, te whakamana i te paunu wā moemoeātia i te wā e whai ake nei i te whakapīrangi whakahokia ka tohua i ngā pakirehua horopū me ngā maimoatanga. Ahakoa, ko ngā whakaaro pūtaiao e tohutohu ana he pai rawa te tirohanga pai i waenganui i te paunu herekore o te kōpū whakapīrangi me te tāwai whakapīrangi e whai ake nei hei whakatipu i te roa me te tiwhikete o ngā hononga.
Ko te flux tāpui he mahi nui i te whakapai i ngā hononga ā-irirangi, ēngari e whakaheke ana i te tahūtanga i te wā tāpui. Ko tāna he ākonga kaweutu hei tiaki i te tahūtanga mai i ngā rae mīhini, me te whakanui i te hāpai o te tāpui. He taumata ki te whakarōpū i ngā momo flux. Ko ngā flux rosin he tikanga tuatahi, ā, e whai ake ana i ngā tono tonoreka. Me te whakatika pai i ngā flux ka whakaiti i te wai i muri i te tāpui, ēngari ko ngā flux kāore-tikanga kei te noho iti rawa i ngā pūmau. Kia whakapā mai te whiriwhiringa i te momo pai, ka mate i ngā ture o te whakatika.
Te tīmata tonu o te whakamahi pai i te flux mō te whakapai ki ngā hononga mehana, ko tēnei he mea nui ki te whakahaere i ngā taumata o ngā hanganga. Ko te whakamahi pai i te flux e āheinga ana ki te itinga i ngā hapa i roto i ngā hononga mehana. He tohutohu ngā raraunga e whakaatu ana he mea nui ngā hononga flux me te tāwai; ka whakahē kē i te itinga i ngā hapa e pā ana i te kore kitea rawa te whakapai me te kōwhiri i te korotete. Ahakoa, ko te hono kāore i te whakarite flux he mea nui kei te whakapai i te whakatupu o te kōkōrangi me te wehi. Nā reira, ko te mōhio ki te mea pai ki te whakapai pai i te mehana me te mīhini pai o te flux he mea nui mō ia hanga mehana.
Te karo i tētahi toko whakarite RoHS kore pūtau he whiringa pai mō ngā pūkaha rorohiko e hiahia ana ki te whakamānawa i ngā huataki pai, kore uku. E pai rawa nei ēnei toko i ngā wharaahanga taiao, ahakoa ko te whaihua nui kei roto i ngā tono wehi-kainga. He tinana noatia rātou i te pūtai me ērā momo tangatae kua whakaritea hei whakatupu kaha mo te whakahē me te whakahaere ā-wera pai. Nā ēnei āhuatanga ka noho uaua ēnei i roto i te hanga rorohiko o nāianei, kei reira te matatika me te whaiwhai i ngā wharaahanga taiao. Kei a maha o ngā pūkaha te whakapae i te toko kore-pūtau RoHs (Kore Uku) mō tana pai ki te tuku mai i ngā huataki kaha, pai, e tuhituhi i te wā.
Kei te whiwhi i tētahi wāhi nui te Pūtauira Purete Matua Sn55Pb45 nō te purete nui me te hīnati kawe i a ia. I whakapae ki tana ahumanga e 55% tin me 45% pū, ko ēnei pūtauira ka whai mana mō te hanga i ngā hononga tauira tōpu ki runga i ēnei whakamahi matihiko, ā, āwhina mai ana i ngā tonu pai ki te wehewehe i ngā mahi pai. Ki runga i ngā ture e huri ana ki ngā whakarite kore-pū, kei te mana tonu te Sn55Pb45 Solder Bar mo ngā kaupapa e hiahiatia ana ngā hononga rorohiko hei whakatika i ngā āhuatanga werawera rerekē. Kei te tuhituhi e ngā kaiwhakaako i roto i te marae o te mahi, te Pūtauira Purete Matua Sn55Pb45 mo tana pai anake i waenganui i ngā wā, me tana take nui ki ngā whakamahi taketake.
Ko te Tūrupeke Sn60Pb40 he whiringa pai mo te whakauru pū, ā, inā e whai hua ana ngā mahi nui. He whakamahinga pai tōna huataki 60% rīwai me 40% pū, ka tukuna i ngā āhuatanga mekaeti me ngā āhuatanga werawera pai, e whakaae ana ki ngā hiahia o te whakahaere maha, nō reira ka whakahaere pai i ngā rautekau. Ko tēnei tuhinga he pai rawa i ngā wāhi e hiahia ana ki te whakapae haere tonu. Ka whakahētia te karangatanga o ngā whakamahi nei i te Tūrupeke Sn60Pb40 Rīwai Pū mo te whakamahere pai i waenganui i te pai me te hiahia matua, ka whakanuia e ia hei whakahirahira i ngā tuhinga pāpori.
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