He mea nui ake te hāpai i te uru whatiwhati i ngā mahi whakahaere ā-mata o ngā rorohiko, engari he tūmomo matua te uiui hauora e ai ki te take i te uru. Ka taea te whawhai ki te uru whakaiti i ngā mate hauora nui, inaianei ko te pūtake neurologikal te nuinga, ā, kei te iti rawa ngā tamariki ki te whiu mai i ēnei pānga kino. Hei tauira, ka whakaatu ngā Pūnaha Hauora CDC i te uru whakaiti hei whakatō mō ngā take whakarerekē i ngā tamariki. Nō reira, i runga i ngā momo whakamātau 300,000 i roto i Awherika i te tau, ka kitea te whakaaetanga i te uru whakaiti i ngā momo whakahaere whakapai uru whatiwhati. I mōhiohia ēnei kaihauora, ka whakatūhia e ētahi atu whenua ngā tikanga whakahaere kia rirohia te whakamahi uru i ngā mahi whakahaere, me te whakahīnaki i ngā whakahaere kore-uru.
Ko ngā ururua whakapiri, he maha ngā wā e whai ana i ngā konganuku matū, he tino mōrearea ki te taiao ina kore e tika te whakakore. E tohu ana ngā tatauranga a te Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ka taea e te whakahaere kino i ngā ururua hiko te kino rawa o te taiao, nā te whakapoke i te oneone me te wai. Ko tēnei otaota e whai wāhi ana ki te nui o ngā konganuku taumaha i roto i ngā wāhi tuku paru, e pā ana ki ngā rauropi me te kararehe mohoao o te rohe. Ahakoa he whai hua te tukatuka me ngā tikanga whakakore tika ki te whakaiti i ēnei pānga, he iti tonu te whakamahi i ēnei i roto i ngā ahumahi maha. Ko te whakatutuki i ngā ururua whakapiri mā te whakarei ake i ngā kaupapa whakahou me ngā hōtaka whakakore whai mana, he mea nui ki te whakaiti i te kino o te taiao.
Te taiao o te hanganga eetini ka whai i tētahi whakarerekē nui i roto i ngā ture whenua ā-motu me ngā ture motu-kore pērā i te Whakamarama i ngā Pūnaha Hara (RoHS). Ko te RoHS me ngā take rite tonu ka whakatika i ngā tikanga, e kawe ana i ngā here kauwhata ki ngā pūnaha hara, pērā i te para i roto i te tahuri. Ka whiwhi ngā hoko i ngā mahi ture, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia nui ki te tiaki i te taiao. Nā reira, kei runga i te nohoanga nui mō ngā ratonga tahuri e pai ana ki enei ture, e whakaatu ana i te whanaketanga o te wāhanga hanga ki ngā mahi aroha taiao.
Te tōtika Sn99.3-0.7Cu o Zhengxi he whakamātau nui i roto i te hunga whakauru wē kua noho pūmau ki ngā paerewa hoki hei tirohanga i ngā whakaritenga taiao o te ao. Ko tēnei mea hou e pai ana ki ngā whakaaetanga taiao, ā, ka tukuna mai he pai ake i te whakawhanake ōhanga me te wehewehe i ngā mahi whakauru rīpora. Nā ngā rangahau whaiwhai i te aha, ko ngā tōtika korepū e whai ake nei hei mea matua mō ngā pakihi me ngā kaiwhakamahi e whai ana i te tirotiro ki te whakahaere i te oranga o o rātou mahi.
Kei te whakanui ake tonu ngā tae whatu whatu rākau ki ngā tono hiranga i waenganui, me te rangahau tonu hei hīkina i te hiranga matua nō reira, ahakoa te whakaaro hei whakaae mai i ngā tikanga ture. Ka whakaaetia tēnei rautaki porihitanga e ngā kaiwhakamahi me te wehewehe atu ki ngā pūtake kore-parehu kaore i te whakarerekē i te pai o te mahi. No reira, kei te whakapakari ake ngā kaiwhakatūturu i te whakamatau i ngā āhuatanga o te pūnui ki roto i ngā mahi, me te hanga i ngā whakawai kōwhiri e pai ana ki ngā tikanga ture me te tiakina i ngā paerewa hiranga.
Ko te whakahaere Sn50/Pb50 i tohua ai i tana momo wera iti, e whakaiti ana i te kaiwhakaawe whenua i te wa o te whakapapa, he mea nui i roto i te hanga hoki. Ka whiu ake tenei atu ki te rahi o te whakapapa me te itinga o te huruhuru wera i runga i nga whatu, e whakapai ana i te nohoanga hanga hoki. Ko te whakaae i waenganui ka mutu e kitea nei ko te whakamahere whakapapa iti i te kaiwhakaawe e whakaiti ana i nga raupatu hanga ahakoa te mahi.
Hei whakahaere mō te tāe tūpono Zhengxi Sn99.3Cu0.7, e hāngai ana ki te itinga i te mīhini whakamahere, he mea nui mo ngā rorohiko whakaū i te whakapono. Ko tēnei mahi e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa kīwaha nui, e whakatutuki ana i ngā hua pai rawa, ā, e whakamana ana i te taiao. Ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga e whakauru nei i ngā momo hanga whakamahi i te itinga i te mīhini, kia whakatipu ai te whakapono o te mahi, ā, ka whakatipu hoki i ō rātou matatika whakarite, e whakaaweawe ana i te hanga whakaaetanga.
He tāwai hīrau Sn45/Pb55 i whakarite ā-wahanga mō ngā tono hāngai, tirotiro ana i te tahuri flux i roto i ngā kaiwhakapuaki hēmi. Ko tana nui ki te mahi i ngā rārangi waehere matihiko, ka noho iti ai te rerekē o ngā taonga e pāhure nei. Ko tenei whakaritenga, ko te hiranga i te mahi me te whakaaro moemoeā hei whakaae ki ngā ture ā-ao, he whakaatu i te rua hua: he pai rawa te hokohoko, he waiū hoki te whakahaere i ngā mahi.
Nā ngā hanganga e mohiotia ana ki te taiao ka whakaae ki ngā mahi e tika ana i te waihanga motuhake o te huringa rerekē o te wai. Ki te whakamahi i ngā putunga matatini hei whakahē i te whakamahere mō te whakamahi o te iti, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakawehi me ngā kaiwaihanga e hanga nei i ngā whatu ā-waha me te whakaititia i ngā pūtake taiao. Ko te whakamahi i ngā rautaki e tika ana i te waihanga ka whakaheke i ngā utu mahi noa iho, ahakoa ko te toto karboni e whakaiti ana i te whare waihanga. Hei whakamārama, nā ngā pūrongo i whakaatuhia ai ngā kāwanatanga e whakaaetia ana i ngā tikanga taiao, he 25% ngā whakamahinga i te iti e whakangungua nei, e whakaatu ana i ngā painga moni o enei kaupapa.
Te whakamahi i ngā matera o te whero mō te hanga rorohiko ka whai kaha ake te tirotiro whakapono me te roanga o te hua, ka heke i te huringa moe ake tonu me te iti iho i te waipiro. Ko te rangahau e whakaatu ana ko ngā hua e hanga nei i runga i ngā matera aroaro whenua ka mahi pai ake i waenganui i ngā āhuatanga katoa i tēnei wā i te hunga kotahi, e whakamana ana i te pūmau me te whiwhi mahi. Ki te nui ake te hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki ngā hua whakaaetanga, ka huri ngā ratonga paereti ki ngā tūtohu whakarawea, e whakapakari ana i te tono mo ngā tūtohu pai rawe i roto i te ao rorohiko. Ka whai oranga tēnei whanaketanga i te taiao, ka whai oranga hoki i te mahi pai o te hua.
Te utu whakahaere ahumahi i roto i te hanga PCB ka whakaae ki ngā mahi tika i roto i te mahi, i te hoko whenua me ngā rauemi, ā, me te nui o te whakarite taiao. Ka tono tonu ngā kaiwhakamahi me ngā tohutohu kia mohio ai ngā mahere hanga, e whakapakari ana i ngā kōmihana kia whakaae ki ngā momo hanga whai oranga. Ki te whakauru i ngā wharaigorangi utu whakahaere, kua kitea he pai ake te whakapono paetae me te whiwhinga haere i runga i te hunga kaimahi, inā he iti ake te hiahia o ngā kaimahi kia tautoko i ngā paerewa e whai hua ana i ngā tikanga tika me te whai oranga. Ki te whakaaetanga i ēnei mahi, ka taea e ngā hanga PCB te tiaki i tō ratau ingoa, ā, ka whakatū pūmau hoki i ngā hua pai mo te whenua me te rorohiko.
He whakahirahira ngā rākau hāpai hōhā mō ngā wāhi mahi e whakamahi ana i ngā tūtohu whakapai hei pēpiha i ngā hā o ngā kohu me te whakahē ki ngā take hauora pūmau. E hia ai ngā wharaahua ture, ko te kōwhiri i ngā rākau pai rawa hei whakapai i ngā kaimahi, nā reira he hiahia pai mō ngā whatuanga. Anō he mea nui te whakatō i te utu ki ngā rākau hāpai hōhā pai hei whakapai i te wairua mahi me te pūmanawa o ngā kaimahi. He wāhi mahi i āhei ki ngā rākau hāpai hōhā matataki, ka tiakina tonu te haumaru, ā, ka hangaia he wāhi pai mō ngā mahi whai hua.
Te whakatinanatia i ngā tūtohu whai wāhi mō te pēra hokohoko hei tūtono i te itinga o ngā whenua takutai me te whakanui i ngā mahi awhiwhi kaiwhai. Ka taea e ngā matatika whakaako mō te awhiwhi te tuku mārama ki ngā pakihi i ngā take nui hei whakapai i ngā raraunga whakamahitahi mate. Hei whakaatu i ngā matatika, e āheinga ana ngā kaupapa awhiwhi kua taea te whakamuri i tōna 60% o ngā pēra hokohoko ki waho i ngā whenua takutai. Ki te whakaae ki enei tūtohu, ka taea e ngā kaihoko whiwhi te whakaatu i tō rātou mana ki te aroha me te whakapakari hoki i tō rātou take tiaki i te taiao.
Te whakatūpato i ngā ture hōhipera tino whakamārama hei whakangahau i ngā pūnaha e pā ana ki ngā mahi whakapipi, me te tiaki i ngā kaimahi me te ao. He nui te nohoanga o te whakaako haumaru hei whakamana i ngā kaimahi kia mohio me whakaae ki ngā tikanga pai rawa i te whakahaere i te whakapipi, te roroa, me ngā rauemi kawenga whakapipi. Ka whakaiti ngā ture pai rawa i ngā take whare karahi, me ēnei ka tautoko i te wāhi mahi haumaru ake. Nā te hanga i te mahi whare karahi e mōhio ki te haumaru ka tautoko hoki i te manaaki i ngā kaimahi katoa, ka puta he pai anō i te mahi me te wairua.
Ki te whakauru i ngā mahi pērā i te hāpai huarahi pai, ngā kaupapa whai kai anō, me ngā ture haumaru matua, ka taea e ngā hangaanga te whakamana i ngā mahi whakapipi haumaru me te whakarite. E whai aua mahi i ngā huringa whānui o te whenua nei ki te hanga me te tiaki i te haerenga o te mahi, me te haumaru o te wāhi mahi, whakatakoto i ngā kāwanatanga hei aronga kaiwhakahaere tika i roto i te rohe rorohiko.
Ka whakaaturia ngā ratonga hou i te whenua o ngā tekau me te toru, nā te whakatuwhera i ngā whakahaere mōhiohio i raro i te āhuatanga ka whakamahia hei tiaki i te wai me te iti iho i ngā uara o te pūtaiao. Ka whakapai ngā whakahaeretanga nei i te whakapono me te taurite o ngā mea kua hangaia ki runga i te whakangungu, ā, ka taea he whakaritorito ki te whai i te ara pai ake mo ngā pūnaha matihiko. Hei tauira, ka whakaiti i te mate ā-ua hei whakatipu i te oranga me te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha matihiko. Ko ngā rorohiko e tohua ana ko te paetae whakamua nui tonu mō te whakahaere i te ua hāngai i raro i te uaua, nā te whiwhi kēkē mai i ngā kaihangā i ngā whakaritenga ka whai i te wai whakamahia pai. Ka taea he whakarerekē nui i te whakahaere i te tekoteko, ka whakaae ki te whakamahia i te nui o ngā painga noa iho ki te oranga me te taiao.
Hei whakamārama, e whai ana ngā whakahaere kōwhiri kia riro hei whakaaetanga i te hiranga o te taiao mō ngā momo kōwhiri matatini. Ki te whakauru i ngā pūnaha ka taea te whakarite, ka taea e ēnei whakahaere te whakahē i ngā take taiao nā ngā kōwhiri matatini motuhake, me te tuku atu i te wero moe ki te hanga i ngā momo kōwhiri matatini e pai ana ki te taiao. Ko te rangahau i tohe ai ki te whakamahi i ngā kōwhiri matatini e taea te whakarite, ka nui ake te whakaiti i ngā take kino o te taiao i roto i te mahi kōwhiri, pērā i ngā tuhinga āpure me ngā waipiro. No reira, ka taea e te whakamahi i ēnei pūnaha pai taiao te whakanui i ngā tikanga whakamohio o ngā kaiwhakamahi mo ngā mea pai taiao, e whakaatu ana i te hurihuri nui i te tono kaiwhaiaro ki ngā whakahaere hiranga taiao. Ka nui ake te whakaaro, ka nui ake hoki te ngenge mo te whakamahi whānui i ngā whakahaere kōwhiri matatini e taea te whakarite, ka noho ake he ara pai rawa ki te mahi kōwhiri i runga i ngā tikanga hiranga taiao.
He tūranga nui te whakatāngata hangarau o te ao i te whakangungu i ngā mahi tirohanga hei whakamahere i ngā tikanga whakahaere pūmotu mō ngā rara arohaea me ngā hanganga, e hīkina nei te whaiwhenua ki ngā kōmihana matua. Nō reira, he nui ngā whakapuaki o ēnei whakatāngata i te whakatika i ngā herenga o te taiao e pa ana ki te hanga kōmihana rara, ina ka whakanui i te whakawhiti kōrero me te whakaawe i ngā tohu me ngā take whaiaro hei whakamahi i ngā whakahaeretanga paihere. Ki te whakamana i ēnei mahi kotahi, ka hiahia te whenua ki te whai i ngā pai tūhono whakahaere paihere i te hanga i ngā mahi whakarite, ka puta noa atu te itinga o te waea taiao mō ngā kōmihana rara. Ko te whakatāngata o te ao e whakangungu ana i te whakahaere paihere i ngā momo hangarau arohaea, ā, ka whakapakari hoki i te whakaae o te whenua ki te tirohanga.
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