Ko te pūtai whakapā ki ngā take matua e rua: te kōpūrere me ngā whakamahinga mete. Hei kawe i te kōpūrere he mahi tirotiro hei tiromahi, ka noho hei tiromahi i ngā whanaketanga me ngā tūmomo kē o runga i ngā mata ki te whakapā, kei reira ka taea te whakangungu pai. Ko tēnei he mea nui mō ngā hononga rorohiko pai. Nō te pūtai whakapā hoki ngā whakamahinga mete, ko ngā take ā-rohe e tū mai ana he Tin (Sn), Silver (Ag), me te Copper (Cu). He mea nui ngā āhuatanga e pa ana ki te mahi whakapā; hei tauira, ko te tin he pai rawa te wettability, ko te silver ka whai kaha i te whiuwhiu ā-hua, ko te copper ka whai kaha i te taurangi mekanika. Ka whai ake ngā uiuinga o ēnei take i te paunga me te weheweheranga o te pūtai whakapā, ka whakaaro nui ki te wā moe whakamahi me te kaha o te hononga tuatahi, me te mea inoi tonu he pai.
Te whiriwhiringa i waenganui o ngā taurite paihiti-lead me ngā taurite paihiti kore-lead he wairua nui noa i te take tikanga; kei roto ia ngā whakaaro mō ngā ture, āhuarangi, me ngā hiranga mahi. Nō mua ka whakanuia ngā taurite paihiti paihiti-lead, pērā i te Sn63Pb37, hei whakapakari i te tiaki me te paetanga rerekē iti i a rātou, e hiki ana ki te waihanga rawe. Heoi, puta noa i ngā whakamomori hauora me ngā ture, e kī ana nei i muri i te arataki RoHS, kua ngawari ake te haere whakamua ki ngā tūtohi kore-lead. Nō te kore-lead taurite, pērā i ngā tūtohi Sn99.3Ag0.7Cu, ka taea te whakapai i te whakaaetanga āhuarangi me te huarahi pai ake i ngā momo huringa wana, ahakoa kua hiahia noa iho rātau ki ngā paetanga rangahau nui. Me mohio ngā kaihanga i ngā pai me ngā kino o ia taurite kia taea ai te whakaaetanga me te pai o rātou i ngā mahi tuhinga.
Ko te rahi o ngā hākengi i roto i te pūhoro kaiwhakapītia ka taea e ia mea whakarerekētia ki ngā pūnaha whakapītia, inā kē tonu i ngā mahi whakamahinga Surface Mount Technology (SMT). Ko ngā hākengi iti nei o te pūhoro kaiwhakapītia e āwhina ana ki te whakapai i te māhoratanga o te pūhoro, ā, e āhei ana ki te takahi i ngā waehanga iti nui atu, e hēmi ana i ngā mahi SMT matihaki. E whakapai ana hoki rātou i te whakawāhi ki te kāwana me te whakaititia o ngā take wehe pūhoro, pērā i ngā pūhoro kaiwhakapītia. Heoi, kei te tino kino i te whakapai i te kaiwhakatohu pūhoro ki te hanga i ngā mahi tuhinga, mā te hē ki te whakahaere pai o ngā hākengi iti. Ki te whakapai i te kaiwhakapītia pūhoro, kia rite ai, ko te aha kia whakamātau ki ngā whakamātau hei whakatau i te rahi hākengi e taea ana mo ngā whakamahinga ā-wāhanga, ā, kia whakatika ai ngā āhuatanga pūhoro ki te pikinga i ngā hiahia hanga.
Ko te hanganga whakarite Pin-in-Paste (SMT) he tūranga matua mō te whakamahi i te pāpate hēmama i roto i te hanga pūtango PCB. Kei reira te whakamahi i te pāpate hēmama ki te PCB me te āwhina o tētahi kaiwhakatika, e āheinga ana i te whakahaere pai i ngā momo pāpate e noho ana i roto i ia rīpea. Ki te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha whakarite ahoture, ka taea e ngā kaihangaa te whakahaukeke i te rahinga me te nuinga o te whakamahi, e hunga ana i te hanga i te maha. Anō he mea nui ko te tirotiro pai i te hooponopono o te kaiwhakatika me te uru pai o te pāpate kia whakapakari ai te whakawhana pai o te hēmama me te iti iho i ngā pūtake whenu i ngā pūtanga kua hanga.
Te whakamahi i te pūhiko pin-in-paste he whakaaetanga pai mō ngā papa kōmponeta hainui, nō reira ngā kōmponeta me ngā pire e whakauru ana ki ngā poaka e tae ana i te pūhiko. Ko tēnei mahi e āwhina i te whakapaihere herea nei, ā, e āwhina hoki i te tahutahu wera i te wā o te pūhiko. He pai tēnei i te wā e hanga ana i ngā papa e noho katoa ana i ngā kōmponeta SMT me ngā kōmponeta through-hole, nā tēnei ka whakaritea te mahi hanga. Nā, ko te whakarite i ngā paerewa mahi hei whakatika i ngā huatau pūhiko e hiahia ana kia whaimana ngā take katoa, ā, ka whakapai i te whiuaro me te whakahaere pai o te kaihono.
Kei te whai ake te pūtahi whakapā ki te mahi nui i ngā tūtohi whakaora me ngā tūtohi whakahoutanga, whakamahia ai hei whakatika i ngā hononga hapa rānei, hei whakawhiti i ngā kōmponenti kāore i te whakaroto i te whenua PCB. Nā ngā momo hangarau, pērā i te huringa hawahei me ngā peni whakapā, e whakamahia ana i tuhituhia te pūtahi whakapā kia pai ai te whakatika. Kua kitea he mea nui te mohiotanga i ngā momo pūtahi whakapā e pāngia ana mo ngā mahi whakahoutanga, nā tēnā ka tiakina ngā putanga pai me te whakatīkana o te wā o ngā āhua matihiko.
Te whakawhiti ki te kaweao kaupapa-tae hoki he whakamahinga nui i te tirohanga iti i te take rite. Ka taurite tēnei whakawhiti ki ngā take o te ao katoa pērā i te Whakararu i ngā Pūtake Hara (RoHS) e hiahia ana ki te iti i te whakamahinga i ngā whenua kino i roto i ngā mea matihiko. Kua tae mai ngā rautaki e whakaatu nei ko te whakaae ki ngā mahi kaweao kaupapa-tae e āhei ana ki te iti i te wharekura i te mate taiao i runga i ngā waiporeta matihiko. Ko ētahi atu o ngā kaiwhakapuaki me ngā pouako e whakanuia ana ngā mea ka ora ai te taiao i tenei ra; no reira, ko te kaweao kaupapa-tae he mea nui ki te whakatauaro kaiwhakapuaki, e taurite ana ki ngā huringa taiao me ngā uara o ngā kaiwhakapuaki.
Hei whakamahere i ngā huarere kore-parekura, he pai rawa rātou i te tūranga o te rongoā ā-hua-tāhuhu, me te whakapakari i a rātou mo ngā tono whakarite i te wāhi mōhio. Kua hanga ngā huarere nei hei tautoko i ngā wāhi mōhio nui atu, nā reira ka whakatika te tirotiro ki te whakapakari i ngā hononga huarere i waenganui i ngā porihitanga ā-wāhi mōhio. Ki te whakaaturanga pātahi, ka mahi pai ake ngā hononga huarere kore-parekura i waenganui i ngā momo takaro whenua i runga i a rātou e tū mai ana i mua i a rātou. Ko tēnei whaihere mahi he mea nui noaiho, nā te mea e āwhina ana i te whakaiti i ngā whawhai e pā ana ki te whakamahana, nā reira ka whakatīnana te roa o te oranga me te whakapono o ngā rīpora matihiko.
Ki te aro tonu i ngā painga, he mōhiohia ngā hanganga whakapūtahi kore-parekura hei whakahē, pērā i ngā wāhi paihikara matua me ngā take uru wai e taea nei. He mea hiahia ki te whakarite i ngā tūtohetanga whakapūtahi, ā, ki te whakatika i ngā tikanga mahi, inaianei ko ngā tohu paihikara rerekē. Me tono tonu ngā kaupapa rangahau me te whakahaere hei whakamana i te hīnati o ngā hanganga whakapūtahi kore-parekura. Ki te whakatika i ngā whakahē nei, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakamahi i ngā paihikara o te kore-parekura me ngā ture, nā reira ka tiakina ngā pai o te whakapai me te roanga o ō rātou whakapuawaitanga eetinetika.
Te whakahaere pai o te wāhi me te āhua o te huarere mēnā kei roto i te kōpaki tūtae pū, ko tēnā he tino mahi nui hei whakaora i tana kotipoti me te ākonga. Ka taea e ngā wāhanga huarere iti nei te whakarerekē i ēnei āhuatanga, ka puta ake he momo paenga tūtae korehea. Heoi anō, hei whakamahi i tēnei, kua arohatia ki te whakaaetanga kia tiakina te tūtae pū i roto i te hokomai whakarērea i te wāhi whakarerekē, i waenganui i te 0 ki te 10 matū Kepa, me te whakawhitiwhiti i a ia ki te wāhi maru kia tae noa ai ki te whakamahi. Nā te mea hoki, ka whakamahia ngā kaiwhakaatu rara mo te tirohanga i ngā āhuatanga tiaki, ka taea e ia te whakapiki i te pai whakatika mō te hanga whakahaere, kia pai noa ai tōu tūtae pū i runga i te kotipoti pai.
Ko te whakangungu hangarere hei whakamahia i te tirohanga pai o te tahua hāpū ki runga, e hīkohia ana he mea nui tēnei mō te hanga i ngā huataki pai utu. E ai ki tēnei, kāore i te wāhanga pūtahi rite rawa, ko te wehewehe i te rahi o ngā pūtahi me te rahi o te hangarere hei whakatika i te rahi o te hāpū me te pai o te tuhipoka. Ka taea te whakapai i te mahi o te hangarere i runga i ngā whakaaetanga ā-wāhi, ka noho pai tonu i runga i te whakamahi. He mea nui anō hoki ko ngā whakarite i roto i ngā take pērā i te hanga o te hangarere me te whakatakoto, hei whakamana i te pai. Nā ēnei tikanga ka whakapaihia te whakangungu o te hāpū, ka heke iho hoki i ngā pūtake pērā i te hāpū whakapai me te kore tika.
Te whakamau i te korenga o te hāpai me te waipiro he mea nui mo te whakarite i te pai o te pūtahi whakauru. Ka taea te whakapae ki te hāpai me te waipiro ki ngā uara kitea, e whakaiti ana i te mahi me te tiakina. He pai rawa ki te whakamahia ngā wāhi kua herea ki te kōwhiri i muri i te noho rānei i ngā taiao whakahaere. Noaiho, ko ngā paunuahanga roa mo te kite i ngā tohu waipiro he mea nui mo te whakarite i te whanaketanga i te hanganga. E āheinga ana enei paunuahanga ki ngā whakamatakitaki matua rānei ki te whakamahi o ngā taheta hāngai mō te waipiro me te hāpai. Mēnā ka whakautu ngā take nei, ka taea te tiaki i te pūtahi whakauru i runga i ngā whakawai pai, ka whai hua tērā mo te whakatutuki i ngā huanga matihiko.
Ko tēnei pūkeke whakapai kōkiri i kitea hei whakamahere mō ētahi atu momo whakamahi PCB, whakaaro nui ki te whakapai pai o te kōkiri, ahakoa te itinga i ngā pūtake hapa. Ko tōna whakawhitinga toiora e whai ana i te whakahaere pai o ngā paepae me te whakaae ki ngā pakirehua hou o te rōpū mahi. Kua aroratia e ngā whakamahi te whakatūwhera pai ake o ngā hononga me te itinga iho i ngā waipiro i roto i ngā huringa kua maranga, ko tēnei pūkeke kōkiri he taumata whakanui mō ngā kaiwhakawehi e whai ana i te tiaki me te pai.
Ko te Tin Lead Sn63Pb37 i whakamana hei whai i tana kawenga tūtohu nui, ā, ina whai wāhi ngā taiao e taea ana ngā mahi me te ira para. Ki te hiranga o tana pūtahi kainga me ngā āhuatanga kīwaha, ka tiakina he pai rawa te tuhinga SMT. Ko ngā whakamahi anō e whakaatu ana i tana wae tūhonotia me ngā āhuatanga pai ki te whakapuaki, e hokinga nei ki te maha o ngā mahi, mai i ngā hanganga iti noa ki te whakamahi nui.
I hanga hei whakamahi mo ngā mahi e hiahia ana ki te reka i te waehera iti, ko te Sn60Pb40 pūtahi tūtohu e āwhina ana ki te iti i te wharekura i te hanga. Ki te hanga i ngā hononga nui i te waehera iti, ka whakanui i ngā konohi whakarara, ka tataki i te pai motuhake. Ko ngā kaihangaa e pai ana i tēnei pūtahi mō tana hiranga ki te whakarite i ngā āhuatanga hanga nui, e whakamahia ana ki te whakatūpūpū pai, ki te whakatupuranga nui.
Whakatakotoria hei waihanga mō ngā tohu LED, ko tēnei pūkeka reka e whai ana i te kaha o te tahuri huringa me te roa o te oranga. Ko tana whakapūmau āhua e whai ana i te kuhu me te iti iho i ngā momo whakarite whenua i te wā o te reka, e hāngai ana ki te whakaora i te māharahara me te whakapono o ngā LED. He mea whakarite i a ngā tohunga haere i tēnei taupānga mō tana katoa mahi pai i ngā whakamahi LED, kei aua wā ka whai take te whakarite i te māharahara.
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